Sarcoidosis in a 42 year old AfroCaribbean male who presented with pulmonary embolism: a case report and review of literature.

We present a case of a 42 year old Afro-Caribbean man presenting with pulmonary embolism and gastroesophageal reflux disease, Transbrachial lung biopsy revealed non-caseating granulomata and on the basis of excluding other conditions, the patient was also diagnosed with sarcoidosis. The only identifiable risk factor for his pulmonary embolus was obesity. A literature review is performed of cases with similar presentations. We propose that sarcoidosis may be a contributing factor in enhancing this prothrombotic predisposition

Evaluation of asthma control using patient based measures and peak expiratory flow rate.

OBJECTIVE: Asthma control has not been formally evaluated in the Caribbean. This study evaluated disease control on The Asthma Control Test (ACT), The Royal College of Physicians "Three questions" for Assessing Asthma Control (RCP), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and patients' self-assessment of control. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Asthma control was examined in a cross-section of 205 asthmatics above 16 years of age using the ACT, RCP and on the PEFR % predicted. Scores below 20 and equal to or above 1 on the ACT and RCP respectively, and PEFR below 80% predicted indicated uncontrolled asthma. Patients stated whether they perceived their asthma was controlled or uncontrolled. RESULTS: Overall there were more females (63.9%, p < 0.001) than males (36.1%). Males aged between 17-30 years predominated (60.8%, p < 0.001) with gender reversal beyond 30 years of age (33.2%, p < 0.002) years. Self-assessed control was higher (69.3%, p < 0.001) than control evaluated by the ACT and RCP tests, which were comparable (p > 0.05). Fewer patients (13.2%) achieved control on PEFR > 80% predicted than on the ACT (22.4%) and RCP (18%). The Kappa statistic indicated good reproducibility of the RCP and ACT and concordance between the PEFR and RCP (0.63) and the PEFR and ACT (0.56). Higher education was associated with control on the ACT (p < 0.0005) and RCP (p < 0.002) but not on PEFR or self-assessment (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Approximately 80% of study asthmatics were uncontrolled, and patients tended to overestimate their disease control. The ACT and RCP instruments were comparable with the PEFR. Efforts to study their validity and formal evaluation of asthma control in Trinidad are recommended.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is missed in asthmatics in specialty care in Trinidad, West Indies.

SETTING: Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in asthmatics attending specialty care in Trinidad, West Indies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of COPD in diagnosed asthmatics receiving specialty respiratory care. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 258 asthmatics were screened for lung function measures to examine forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC < 70 per cent). RESULTS: Of 165 patients evaluated (response rate 64.0 per cent), 53 (32.1 per cent, 95 per centCI 25.0-39.2) had a study diagnosis of COPD and a mean FEV1/FVC of 60.12 +/- 1.2. Proportionally, more males had COPD (50.9 per cent) than asthma (24.1 per cent, P < 0.001). Patients with COPD were 10 years older than asthmatics (P < 0.001). Persons with asthma who smoked were more likely to have COPD (56.0 per cent) (OR 3.26, 95 per cent CI 1.36-7.80, P = 0.006). In both sexes, FEV1/FVC was lower among older people (P < 0.001), with a greater effect (OR 2.75, 95 per cent CI 1.00-7.56, P < 0.01) seen among men in this cross-sectional study. CONCLUSIONS: One third of diagnosed asthmatics in specialty care also have COPD. Lung function was lower among older persons. Early spirometric evaluation of elderly asthmatics who smoke can determine the presence of COPD and facilitate appropriate management.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is missed in asthmatics in specialty care in Trinidad, West Indies.

SETTING: Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in asthmatics attending specialty care in Trinidad, West Indies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of COPD in diagnosed asthmatics receiving specialty respiratory care. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 258 asthmatics were screened for lung function measures to examine forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC < 70%). RESULTS: Of 165 patients evaluated (response rate 64.0%), 53 (32.1%, 95%CI 25.0-39.2) had a study diagnosis of COPD and a mean FEV1/FVC of 60.12 +/- 1.2. Proportionally, more males had COPD (50.9%) than asthma (24.1%, P < 0.001). Patients with COPD were 10 years older than asthmatics (P < 0.001). Persons with asthma who smoked were more likely to have COPD (56.0%) (OR 3.26, 95%CI 1.36-7.80, P = 0.006). In both sexes, FEV1/FVC was lower among older people (P < 0.001), with a greater effect (OR 2.75, 95%CI 1.00-7.56, P < 0.01) seen among men in this cross-sectional study. CONCLUSIONS: One third of diagnosed asthmatics in specialty care also have COPD. Lung function was lower among older persons. Early spirometric evaluation of elderly asthmatics who smoke can determine the presence of COPD and facilitate appropriate management.

Integrated care: a new model for COPD management

In the current issue of the European respiratory journal, there is a new and interesting attempt at management of the severe COPD patient. CASAS et al. advance a model that may have great potential for the cross-cultural modification of hospitalisation rates for COPD. Previous studies have shown that self-management of COPD within the community can reduce hospitalisation and exacerbation severity. The economic efficacy of these models is unknown, but since hospitalisation contributes the greatest proportion of costs for COPD, models targeting patients at risk for hospitalisation may be expected to have the widest appeal to chest physicians and healthcare providers alike. The main message of the study is that an integrated care pathway with flexible shared-care arrangements between primary care and hospital, facilitated by information technologies, has an enormous potential to decrease hospital admissions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients ...

Effects of exacerbations and seasonality on exhaled nitric oxide in COPD.

Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) appears to be associated with airway inflammation seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present authors studied the effects of exacerbation, season, temperature and pollution on eNO. eNO was measured seasonally and at exacerbations in 79 outpatients suffering from COPD (mean forced expiratory volume in one second=42%). The effects of exacerbation symptoms, physiological and environmental parameters were analysed. Stable eNO levels were correlated positively with arterial oxygen tension. Median levels were found to be lower in smokers (5.3 ppb) than in ex- or nonsmokers (6.8 ppb). Levels were higher during October to December (6.9 ppb) than in April to June (4.6 ppb). Levels were also higher during 68 exacerbations in 38 patients (7.4 ppb) than in stable conditions (5.4 ppb), independent of the effects of smoking. The rise in eNO was greater in exacerbations that were associated with colds, a sore throat or dyspnoea combined with a cold. In conclusion, exhaled nitric oxide levels were higher in colder weather and in the autumn, perhaps related to the increased prevalence of viral infection at this time of year. The levels were lower in more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exhaled nitric oxide levels were raised at the onset of exacerbation, particularly in the presence of a cold.

Effects of exacerbations and seasonality on exhaled nitric oxide in COPD

Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) appears to be associated with airway inflammation seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present authors studied the effects of exacerbation, season, temperature and pollution on eNO. eNO was measured seasonally and at exacerbations in 79 outpatients suffering from COPD (mean forced expiratory volume in one second = 42%). The effects of exacerbation symptoms, physiological and environmental parameters were analysed. Stable eNO levels were correlated positively with arterial oxygen tension. Median levels were found to be lower in smokers (5.3 ppb) than in ex- or nonsmokers (6.8 ppb). Levels were higher during October to December (6.9 ppb) than in April to June (4.6 ppb). Levels were also higher during 68 exacerbations in 38 patients (7.4 ppb) than in stable conditions (5.4 ppb), independent of the effects of smoking. The rise in eNO was greater in exacerbations that were associated with colds, a sore throat or dyspnoea combined with a cold. In conclusion, exhaled nitric oxide levels were higher in colder weather and in the autumn, perhaps related to the increased prevalence of viral infection at this time of year. The levels were lower in more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exhaled nitric oxide levels were raised at the onset of exacerbation, particularly in the presence of a cold.

Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: a light at the end of the tunnel?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is arguably the most common chronic disease of the lungs at present and, by 2020, it will be the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD is associated with a relentless decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and, in the later stages, the condition progresses to pulmonary hypertension and hypoxic respiratory failure. Because so few interventions have been shown to affect mortality and FEV1 decline in COPD, two further outcomes have been studied arising from the observed close association between exacerbation frequency and health related quality of life. In the ISOLDE study (Inhaled corticosteroids in Obstructive Lung Disease in Europe), inhaled corticosteroids were shown to slow the decline in health status over time and also to decrease exacerbation frequency. Further statistical modelling has shown that the effect of inhaled corticosteroids on quality of life is largely due to their effect on exacerbation frequency. Recent studies have closed the loop between exacerbation frequency, mortality, and lung function decline by showing that patients with a history of frequent exacerbations have an accelerated decline in FEV1 and increased mortality from COPD. From these data one would therefore expect that interventions that reduce COPD exacerbations would also reduce COPD mortality.

Longitudinal changes in the nature, severity and frequency of COPD exacerbations.

Exacerbations are an important feature and outcome measure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about changes in their severity, recovery, symptom composition or frequency over time. In this study 132 patients (91 male; median age 68.4 yrs and median forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 38.4% predicted) recorded daily symptoms and morning peak expiratory flow. Patients were monitored for a median of 918 days and 1,111 exacerbations were identified. Patients with severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) category III, n=38) had an annual exacerbation frequency of 3.43 x yr(-1), 0.75 x yr(-1) higher than those with moderate COPD (GOLD II, n=94). Exacerbation frequency did not change significantly during the study. At exacerbation onset, symptom count increased to 2.23, relative to a baseline of 0.36 set 8-14 days previously, and this increase rose by 0.05 x yr(-1). Recovery to baseline levels in symptoms and FEV1 took longer (0.32 and 0.55 days x yr(-1)). Sputum purulence at exacerbation became more prevalent over time by 4.1% x yr(-1) from an initial value of 17%. The results of this study suggest that over time, individual patients have more symptoms during exacerbations, with an increased chance of sputum purulence and longer recovery times.

Longitudinal changes in the nature, severity and frequency of COPD exacerbations

Exacerbations are an important feature and outcome measure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about changes in their severity, recovery, symptom composition or frequency over time. In this study 132 patients (91 male; median age 68.4 yrs and median forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 38.4% predicted) recorded daily symptoms and morning peak expiratory flow. Patients were monitored for a median of 918 days and 1,111 exacerbations were identified. Patients with severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) category III, n=38) had an annual exacerbation frequency of 3.43·yr–1, 0.75·yr–1 higher than those with moderate COPD (GOLD II, n=94). Exacerbation frequency did not change significantly during the study. At exacerbation onset, symptom count increased to 2.23, relative to a baseline of 0.36 set 8–14 days previously, and this increase rose by 0.05·yr–1. Recovery to baseline levels in symptoms and FEV1 took longer (0.32 and 0.55 days·yr–1). Sputum purulence at exacerbation became more prevalent over time by 4.1%·yr–1 from an initial value of 17%. The results of this study suggest that over time, individual patients have more symptoms during exacerbations, with an increased chance of sputum purulence and longer recovery times.

Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by both an accelerated decline in lung function and periods of acute deterioration in symptoms termed exacerbations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these are related. METHODS: Over 4 years, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and symptoms were measured at home daily by 109 patients with COPD (81 men; median (IQR) age 68.1 (63-74) years; arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) 9.00 (8.3-9.5) kPa, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) 1.00 (0.7-1.3) l, forced vital capacity (FVC) 2.51 (1.9-3.0) l); of these, 32 (29 men) recorded daily FEV(1). Exacerbations were identified from symptoms and the effect of frequent or infrequent exacerbations (> or < 2.92 per year) on lung function decline was examined using cross sectional, random effects models. RESULTS: The 109 patients experienced 757 exacerbations. Patients with frequent exacerbations had a significantly faster decline in FEV(1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) of -40.1 ml/year (n=16) and -2.9 l/min/year (n=46) than infrequent exacerbators in whom FEV(1) changed by -32.1 ml/year (n=16) and PEF by -0.7 l/min/year (n=63). Frequent exacerbators also had a greater decline in FEV(1) if allowance was made for smoking status. Patients with frequent exacerbations were more often admitted to hospital with longer length of stay. Frequent exacerbations were a consistent feature within a patient, with their number positively correlated (between years 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the frequency of exacerbations contributes to long term decline in lung function of patients with moderate to severe COPD.

Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prone to frequent exacerbations which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Stable COPD patients often have lower airway bacterial colonisation which may be an important stimulus to airway inflammation and thereby modulate exacerbation frequency. METHODS: Twenty nine patients with COPD (21 men, 16 current smokers) of mean (SD) age 65.9 (7.84) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) 1.06 (0.41) l, FEV(1) % predicted 38.7 (15.2)%, FEV(1)/FVC 43.7 (14.1)%, inhaled steroid dosage 1.20 (0.66) mg/day completed daily diary cards for symptoms and peak flow over 18 months. Exacerbation frequency rates were determined from diary card data. Induced sputum was obtained from patients in the stable state, quantitative bacterial culture was performed, and cytokine levels were measured. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 29 patients (51.7%) were colonised by a possible pathogen: Haemophilus influenzae (53.3%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (33.3%), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (20%), Branhamella catarrhalis (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%). The presence of lower airway bacterial colonisation in the stable state was related to exacerbation frequency (p=0.023). Patients colonised by H influenzae in the stable state reported more symptoms and increased sputum purulence at exacerbation than those not colonised. The median (IQR) symptom count at exacerbation in those colonised by H influenzae was 2.00 (2.00-2.65) compared with 2.00 (1.00-2.00) in those not colonised (p=0.03). The occurrence of increased sputum purulence at exacerbation per patient was 0.92 (0.56-1.00) in those colonised with H influenzae and 0.33 (0.00-0.60) in those not colonised (p=0.02). Sputum interleukin (IL)-8 levels correlated with the total bacterial count (rho=0.459, p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Lower airway bacterial colonisation in the stable state modulates the character and frequency of COPD exacerbations.